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Stockpile volume formula8/19/2023 ![]() ![]() This can be done natively within our app! Find this in the annotations drop down of the left panel:įor more detailed instructions on how to copy annotations, click here: Copy Annotations ![]() For instance, if you have piles changing on a daily, weekly, or monthly basis you may want to consider copying annotations from map to map. ![]() Using the Elevation Toolbox (on the right), the small pile becomes easily viewable, enabling you to avoid defining a point of the base on top of the rocks.Ĭreating identical annotations is important for change-over-time mapping. Defining the base layer on top of the small rock pile would lead to inaccurate volume calculations. In the Orthomosaic (on the left) it is difficult to see the small pile of rocks to the left of the stockpile. To more easily see the nuances in the terrain, we recommend using the Elevation Toolbox as the base layer of the map when computing volumes.īelow is an example that demonstrates why using the Elevation Toolbox is a best practice when calculating volumes. Sometimes it can be difficult to see the base of a stockpile when looking at the Orthomosaic image, due to shadows or similarly colored surrounding areas. There are three base-plane options available for volume calculation Linear Fit, Lowest Point and Triangulated.įor more detailed information on choosing a baseplane, custom elevations and FAQs, please visit this page: Selecting a Baseplane Using the cross arrows in the middle, you can shift the area of interest in order to automatically recalculate the result.Ĭhoosing the appropriate base plane will help you ensure that you are recording accurate measurements.Units can be displayed in the Metric or Imperial system. Here is an example result:Įxample volumetric calculation. Adjust the points until you are happy with the area of interest.Add points around the stockpile for which you want to compute the volume.Ĭlick or tap to add points to complete the polygon.The tools in the lower right allow you to undo, or complete your polygon. Choose the Volume icon from the Annotation & Measurement options:.In order to define a volume to measure, you first need to select an area for which to compute the volume. Selecting an Area and Measuring its Volume DroneDeploy is best supported on the latest version of Google Chrome. Internet Explorer will NOT allow you to create volume measurements. ![]()
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Amazon daylight alarm clock8/19/2023 ![]() You can use a smart bulb with a regular lamp and control it with an app or smart speaker such as an Amazon Echo or Google Nest. LIFX’s bulbs can even mimic the nuanced colors of the rising and setting sun. As with the non-clock wake-up lights, this approach works best if you’re confident about getting up without the help of a just-in-case alarm tone (though you can use a regular alarm clock or your phone as backup, of course). If you want to experiment with your smart-home devices and lighting, you could try a smart bulb (such as from Philips Hue or LIFX), said Grant Clauser, Wirecutter’s senior editor covering the smart-home beat. ![]() If Casper’s simple tactile approach appeals to you, and you have a flexible budget, the Glow Light may be worth trying (it has a 30-night free trial). Jeff Chapin, Casper founder and product designer, told me that new moms have used it for middle-of-the-night feedings. Once you live with the Glow Light, you might discover other uses. Its lantern-like night-light came in handy the time my son yelled for me from his room at 4 a.m., as well as when he needed a lamp for his pillow fort. Later I’d move it to my living room, where I like to read before bed, and then onto my nightstand for waking me up in silence the next morning. Come dusk, I’d place it on my son’s nightstand so that 30 minutes of reading became 30 minutes until the light went out. Unlike the Philips Hue Go, which looks like a bowl and begs to be held with two hands, the Glow Light is shaped to grab and go, which made it so useful in my household. Still, we love that the Glow Light is pleasingly intuitive-and it beats deciphering an instruction book and fumbling for buttons in the dark. Just for fun, you can also adjust it to glow in one of six different Gatorade-like colors in the dark-but only the white light works as an alarm light. On the plus side, you can use the clock as a reading light and program it to dim as you wind down and go to bed. I woke soon after the alarm, but presumably deeper sleepers have noted that the sound alarm shuts off too soon. Unlike with the Philips clocks, both the light and the sound stop (instead of just the sound) when you hit snooze at least one online reviewer disliked this, though my husband actually preferred it. The radio and its alarm rendition of Pachelbel’s Canon sounds tinny compared with our more-expensive picks, and the time display is less subtle, but set it to the bird chirping and ocean waves and turn the display off, and you should be fine. ![]() (We found similar flaws in the other under-$50 wake-up lights we tried.) You can also pair the light with one of its seven alarm tones (almost as many as on the Somneo at a fraction of the cost), including the radio. Even at its peak, the light doesn’t quite fill the room-it’s only 130 lux, compared with our main pick’s 300 and the entry-level Philips’s 200. Rather than simulating dawn or dusk, its white light simply grows from dim to bright within a 30-minute window-no fancy color nuances, and with a less gradual change than on our other picks. We also like that you can set multiple alarms during the week and that the sunset component comes with the option of several “wind down” routines, complete with calming sounds and (if you like) visual prompts to guide you in deep breathing. We think it’s the intuitive app that truly makes the upgrade worth it, allowing you to program your sunrise and sunset times and other features much more easily than navigating the buttons on the clock. It also has sensors that detect temperature and humidity, noise, and light levels (which post readings on its app), a built-in nightlight (just tap if you need it), and a USB port. But it offers more alarm sounds and a wider range of brightness levels and programmable sunrise nuances. The Philips SmartSleep Connected Sleep and Wake-Up Light (essentially the Bluetooth-connected version of the SmartSleep HF 3650, previously called the Somneo HF3650, our former upgrade pick) has many of the same features as our main pick, including a natural, red-tinted sunrise and sunset light. ![]() It’s for anyone who is eager to use their clock as an accessory for an entire sleep ritual. ![]() This upgrade isn’t for someone who is simply looking for a sunrise alarm clock to go to bed and wake up to. ![]()
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Text to 911 joplin globe8/19/2023 ![]() Fox News sent Carlson a cease-and-desist letter over his new Twitter series, Axios reported Monday, June 12, 2023, amid reports of contract battles between the conservative network and its former prime-time host. Ultimately, the best career for an autistic person will depend on their individual interests, skills, and abilities. FILE - Tucker Carlson, host of 'Tucker Carlson Tonight,' poses for photos in a Fox News Channel studio on March 2, 2017, in New York. It's important to note that these are just a few examples, and there are many other careers that may be well-suited to the strengths and preferences of autistic individuals. Entrepreneurship: Some autistic individuals may be well-suited to entrepreneurship, as they may have a unique perspective on business and may be able to identify unmet needs in the marketplace. Diablo IV had the best-selling opening in Blizzard’s history, crossing an auspicious 666 million in global sell-through in the first five days following its June 6 launch.Writing and editing: Autistic individuals may have a strong attention to detail and the ability to focus intensely on a task for long periods, which can make them effective writers and editors.2 Since 2002, it has been owned by Community Newspaper Holdings Inc. Ottaway Community Newspapers owned the Globe from 1975 to 2002. Art and design: Some autistic individuals have a keen eye for detail and a strong visual sense, which can make them well-suited to careers in art and design. The Joplin Globe is a seven-day digital edition and five-day print edition daily newspaper published in Joplin, Missouri, United States, covering parts of 14 counties in southwestern Missouri.Science: Many autistic individuals have a fascination with science and may be particularly drawn to careers in fields such as biology, chemistry, or physics.Autistic individuals may find engineering particularly rewarding due to the opportunity to design and build structures or systems. Engineering: Roles in engineering also require logical thinking and attention to detail, as well as the ability to solve complex problems.Computer programming and IT: Many autistic adults have a natural aptitude for logical thinking and attention to detail, which can make them well-suited to careers in computer programming, software development, and other areas of IT.Here are six examples of popular jobs among autistic and neurodivergent adults: The euro advanced to $1.0778 from $1.0756.Autistic adults, like all individuals, have diverse skills and interests. The dollar declined to 139.40 yen from Monday’s 139.62 yen. It lost $2.95 the previous session to $71.84. Text-to-911 is only currently available in certain locations. However, because voice calls to 911 provide more information to 911 call centers, you should always make a voice call to 911 during an emergency whenever possible. Brent crude, the price basis for international oil trade, gained 54 cents to $72.38 per barrel in London. Text-to-911 is the ability to send a text message to reach 911 emergency call takers from your mobile phone or device. The contract fell $3.05 on Monday to $67.12. ![]() crude rose 36 cents to $67.48 per barrel in electronic trading on the New York Mercantile Exchange. On Monday, Switzerland’s UBS said it has completed its takeover of rival Credit Suisse in a government-arranged rescue combining the country’s two largest banks. Two Fed board members have said the Fed should hold off on a rate increase this week while it gathers data on the impact of previous hikes. Your community resource for news, commentary, photos, video and special features is evolving. That would be down from April’s 4.9% and last June’s peak above 9% but more than double the Fed target of 2%. 01:43 What is Text-to-911 Text-to-911 allows you to send a text message, just like the ones you use to talk to friends and loved ones, to your local emergency responders. Take the Joplin Globe with you wherever and whenever you go. Tech stocks alone accounted for more than half the S&P 500′s gain, powered by gains of at least 1.5% for both Microsoft and Apple.įorecasters expect Tuesday’s inflation update to show consumer prices rose 4.1% over a year earlier last month. Investors see high-growth stocks as some of the biggest beneficiaries of lower rates, and they led the market Monday. The Nasdaq composite rallied 1.5% to 13,461.92. The Dow Jones Industrial Average gained 0.6% to 34,066.33. 9A Carl Junction man was arrested Thursday after authorities say he used a BB gun to shoot an employee of a moving company who was trying to repossess. What if this happened in another city can I file a report using this online police citizen reporting system Answer, No, If a crime took place outside of the. ![]()
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Tabview like manipulate8/19/2023 ![]() Required property bool current border.width: current ? 2 : 0 color: selected ? "lightblue" : palette. The following example shows how to create a model from C++ with multiple columns:Īnchors.fill: parent columnSpacing: 1 rowSpacing: 1 clip: true model: TableModel pop and friends methods to manipulate the pages stack using both the. You can add headers using the HorizontalHeaderView and VerticalHeaderView from Qt Quick Controls. Use the watch flag to watch the files system for edits and rebuild as necessary. To create models with multiple columns, either use TableModel or a C++ model that inherits QAbstractItemModel.Ī TableView does not include headers by default. ![]() As such, the TableView support models of any size without affecting performance.Ī TableView displays data from models created from built-in QML types such as ListModel and XmlListModel, which populates the first column only in a TableView. The rows and columns that move out are reused for building the rows and columns that move into the viewport. As soon as you flick, new rows and columns enter the viewport, while old ones exit and are removed from the viewport. This means that while the model can have any number of rows and columns, only a subsection of the table is usually visible inside the viewport. positionViewAtRow(int row, PositionMode mode, real offset, rect subRect)Ī TableView has a model that defines the data to be displayed, and a delegate that defines how the data should be displayed.positionViewAtIndex(QModelIndex index, PositionMode mode, point offset, rect subRect).positionViewAtColumn(int column, PositionMode mode, real offset, rect subRect).Also I would like to set the height of the tab buttons smaller but I can’t find how to do. positionViewAtCell(point cell, PositionMode mode, point offset, rect subRect) How-to AlvaroMourazo December 9, 2020, 12:17pm 1 Description I’m trying to set the size of a tabview like the size of his parent, but I cant display correctly.int columnAtIndex(QModelIndex modelIndex).Point cellAtPosition(real x, real y, bool includeSpacing). ![]() ![]() Point cellAtPosition(point position, bool includeSpacing).point cellAtIndex(QModelIndex modelIndex).List of all members, including inherited members. ![]()
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Body base sketch model8/19/2023 ![]() ![]() In other words, a six-head-tall girl and an eight-head-tall man would have the same body shape as a two- to three-head-tall chibi character. Most chibi characters are around the same size and body shape, regardless of the gender, face size, height, body shape, and age of the original design. Once you know how to draw chibis, you may find it much easier to draw these cute characters compared to typically proportioned characters. In this tutorial, I will teach you how to draw chibi characters. With huge, distinct facial expressions, they are also useful when good at creating a fun or cute atmosphere. They are often used on merchandise for popular anime series. ![]() Chibi characters are usually between two and four heads tall. The first and main point is to know the head size for your 60cm painting figureĢº The shoulders measure 2 heads: 7.5 cm x 2 = 15 cmģº The hips measure 1 and ½ heads: 7.5mx 1.5 = 11.25cmĤº The legs measure and feet measure 4 and ½ heads: 7.5cm x 4.5 = 33.75cmĥth Arms measure and hands measure 3 heads: 7.5cm x 3 = 22.A chibi is a form of stylized character drawing that originates in Japan. Well now it's time to calculate all the averages of your canvas of 60 cm or 1: 3 scale and for that we have the canon of 8 heads, essential to work the human figure. Scale 1: 1 = 180cm: 1 = 180cm, your painting would be life size. = 3 So you can say that your sculpture would be at 1: 3 scaleĮxamples of scales in the human figure that are usually used (ideal standard of 180 cm): Now you just have to divide the real measurement by the measurement of your sculpture, which is 60cm 180/60 The first thing is to know how much a human actually measures and the "ideal standard" measurement for a human is 180cm , this is very important, you always have to know the actual measurement of the figure you are modeling in order to calculate the scale. Imagine that you want to paint a 60cm human figure on canvas, at what scale would your sculpture be? Real scales: It is represented as 1: 1, that is, our model measures exactly what is represented. Scales of enlargement: The drawing / sculpture is bigger than reality. We will use them when the object is so small that we need to see it larger in order to understand it. For example, it is used in the design of watches, electronic devices, mechanisms, etc. On magnification scales, the first number is greater than the second. They will look like this: 2: 1, 5: 1, 4: 3, 10: 3. ![]() Reduction scale: The drawing / sculpture is smaller than reality. It will be necessary when we want to draw or design large objects, such as roads, buildings, stadiums, ships, etc. Can you imagine working with a map the size of a shopping center? On reduction scales, the first number is less than the second . Therefore, the scales will take the following possible forms: 1: 2, 1: 3, 2: 3, 1:10, 1: 200, etc. Scale is a graphical method that allows us to draw any object larger or smaller than it really is. SCALE = DRAWING / REALITY that is, if my scale is E = 1/4, we will interpret that one centimeter of my figure is equivalent to four centimeters of reality. The second number (denominator) of the proportion refers to reality. The first number (numerator) of the proportion refers to the drawing. The scale is defined by two numbers that determine a ratio between the drawing and reality. Scale is the mathematical relationship that exists between the actual dimensions of your model and those of your sculpture / painting / drawing, which represents it. Graphite Pencil and Color Pencils Drawings. ![]()
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Minecraft legend of zelda8/19/2023 ![]() ![]() Similar to Zelda BOTW, the magical item allows fans to use a variety of special skills like magnetism, remote bombs, and the potentially comedic Stasis power, which still allows players to send enemies (or unlucky sheep) flying after a few good whacks. Super Voxel Party (Multiplayer Mario Party game) Hero of the Floaty Isles (1.20. Besides new items, weapons, and gear, players can also find their own Sheikah slate and experiment with its abilities. The ultimate Zelda mod for Minecraft Including nearly every Zelda item, sword skills such as Links Spin Attack, mobs, dungeons, several quests, and more. After installing the mods, Minecraft players can search for randomly generated Sheikah towers and bokoblin camps containing unique loot. Will Shanklin Febru5:25 PM A Minecraft mad scientist has recreated The Legend of Zelda inside the blocky sandbox game without any third-party mods or resource packs. As reported by Game Rant (via PCgamesN), the Minecraft Breath of Wild mod gameplay was posted on CRAIY's YouTube channel. Related: Legend of Zelda: Wind Waker Comes To Minecraft In Beautiful Resource PackĪ collection of new mods have added loads of The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild features into Minecraft. Now, fans of the latest Zelda game have a different Minecraft mod to check out. Another mod converts the game into what many could be convinced is a new Wind Waker game, considering the large amount of new content the collection of mods adds. ![]() One mod recently overhauled Minecraft's combat and more to resemble Elden Ring, complete with intense boss battles and lots of new items to loot. Since Minecraft has been available for more than ten years, modders have had ample time to add a seemingly endless amount of content to the game. ![]()
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Command and conquer 3 tiberium wars8/19/2023 ![]() Using GameFAQs regularly with these browsers can cause temporary and even permanent IP blocks due to these additional requests. If you are using the Brave browser, or have installed the Ghostery add-on, these programs send extra traffic to our servers for every page on the site that you browse, then send that data back to a third party, essentially spying on your browsing habits.We strongly recommend you stop using this browser until this problem is corrected. The latest version of the Opera browser sends multiple invalid requests to our servers for every page you visit.The most common causes of this issue are: Utilize the sub-faction of your choice to fully take advantage and compliment your play style.Your IP address has been temporarily blocked due to a large number of HTTP requests. Specialized Sub-factions – Play to your strengths with six unique sub-factions, each equipped with their own exclusive units, powers, and upgrades.Conquer your enemies with new units on both land and air. Take Command of a Whole New Army – With the introduction of new units, structures, and abilities to each of the three factions, the Tiberium Wars will never be the same.Position these units in the strategic, global conquest mode then lay siege to your enemy at the tactical, battle level. Customize your Epic-Units mid-battle via garrisoning and upgrades. Introduction of new Epic-Units – Devastate the battlefield with the immense firepower of all-new Epic-units. ![]()
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![]() ![]() On School Bus Driver Appreciation Day – and indeed every day – the Hamilton-Wentworth Catholic District School Board extends a sincere thank you to its 458 school bus drivers for their service, support and dedication, especially during these times of school bus driver shortage. Caring and kind, school bus drivers are role models for the children on their routes and a voice of welcome to parents in our community. School bus drivers are often the first and last smile that students see at the start and end of each school day. “Each day you offer loving service to those who depend upon you,” wrote the Catholic Bishops of Ontario in their recent pastoral letter, Renewing the Promise, on the important contributions of support workers in the service of our Catholic students. October 24 is School Bus Driver Appreciation Day, a day in which we recognize and thank our many dedicated school bus drivers for getting our students safely to and from school each day. Triple P Positive Parenting Summer Program.Summer Learning Programs for Elementary School Students (Grades 7 & 8) February 21-27 is National School Bus Driver Appreciation Week and serves as the perfect opportunity to give thanks for the selfless work of the drivers that ensure the safety of students to and from school and school related events everyday.Social-Emotional Learning (SEL) Summer Program.Secondary School Summer Non-Credit Program.Catholic Youth Organization (C.Y.O.) – Hamilton.Athletic Association Constitution & Forms.Christian Service Program (Volunteer Hours).Celebrating a Culture of Christian Service.School Bus Drivers Appreciation Day falls during National School Bus Safety Week, which has been set aside to remind people about school bus safety. Hamilton Catholic Services Organizations In fact, openings for school bus drivers will continue to be one of the nations top transportation workforce needs, Dreiling said. ![]()
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Php file upload security8/18/2023 ![]() If this form setting is enabled then a message will be displayed to anonymous users. ![]() Gravity Forms can be configured to be displayed only to logged in users. One that we do recommend is the Members plugin. Fortunately, there are a number of plugins that can do this. Roles and capabilities are a security feature of WordPress and you can read more about them in the WordPress documentation.Īlthough capabilities are an important part of WordPress security there’s no way to manage them without a plugin. You can control exactly who can do what by assigning capabilities to user roles.Īs a rule, it’s good practice to assign only the capabilities needed for the role and no more. When giving access to users it’s not necessary to give them permissions to perform all the functions in Gravity Forms. Site owners can opt to remove automatic background updates through a simple change in the Gravity Forms settings or WordPress configuration file, but keeping the functionality is strongly recommended.Īutomatic background updates will only occur for important bug fixes and security releases, not for major version releases. This is enabled by default on all new installations from version 1.9.2 onward. If administrators have automatic background updates enabled, Gravity Forms will be updated automatically without the site owner needing to do anything on their end, and the update will install automatically. Automatic and Background UpdatesĪdministrators see a notification on the WordPress dashboard to upgrade when a new release is available. Once you’ve locked down the security on your server and in WordPress you’ll want to take a look at the security features that Gravity Forms offers and adjust them according to your needs. We also recommend that customers remove Gravity Forms from their sites if they no longer wish to keep their license active. Not doing so is a serious security risk for your site. We do recommend that customers keep WordPress and all of their plugins and themes updated at all times as part of a regular maintenance plan. They’re an excellent way to prevent attacks before they even hit your server: The following security services provide a firewall, a first line of defense, between attackers and your server. However, these plugins do require some level of understanding so you may need to get someone qualified to help you set one up. There are a number of plugins and services that can help improve the security of your site. You may also want to consider managed hosting which can handle much of this for you. It contains some excellent suggestions on how to secure the web server and how to handle risk mitigation in the event of a compromise. Follow the advice in the WordPress documentation on hardening WordPress. Configure regular backups and keep all your plugins up-to-date at all times. If you are running your own Web server make sure your server is running the latest version of PHP and the web server and consider forcing HTTPS/SSL on all pages. ![]() Gravity Forms is only as secure as the server it’s installed on so it makes sense to begin your security assessment and configuration by reviewing the configuration of the system, the Web server and WordPress. This information complements the Gravity Forms Security Whitepaper. The advice and best practices in this section is to help site owners and administrators to understand the issues and learn how to adjust the security features according to their needs. ![]() When planning an installation of Gravity Forms there are many aspects of security that need to be considered very carefully. Translating Gravity Forms (or an add-on) using Poedit Translating Gravity Forms (or an add-on) using Loco Translate Taking a Screenshot of Your Feed Settings Setting Up the FreshBooks (Classic) Add-On PayPal Checkout Beta 2.0 Features and Changes Obtaining Prior Versions of Gravity Forms Obtaining and Saving your FreshBooks (Classic) API Credentials ![]() Invoice/Estimate Settings in the FreshBooks (Classic) Add-On Feeds Guide to Gravity Forms 2.5 for Theme Developers Gravity Forms 2.2: Changes to Entry IP Detection What To Do If You Suspect a Security IssueĪdd-On Support for Background Feed ProcessingĬreating a Feed for the FreshBooks (Classic) Add-Onĭeprecation of the Rocketgenius Namespace for Gravity Forms 2.5Įrror ‘Unexpected T_STRING’ when installing Gravity FormsįAQ About Gravity Forms Language Translation Files WordPress, Gravity Forms, and GDPR Compliance ![]()
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Si lattice constant8/18/2023 ![]() ![]() The Cu K α 2 and background were subtracted from the data using the software EVA, and thus the X-ray wavelength is 1.5406 Å. The scan speed was set to 1 s per increment between 40 and 80°, and 3 s between 80 and 105°. The XRD measurements were performed using increments of 0.024° in 2 θ. This is in good agreement with pure Si reported as 5.43123☐.00008 Å. The lattice parameter of the silicon powder was found to be 5.43148☐.00037 Å by using the Nelson-Riley 16) method. Prior to the DI investigations, a reference silicon powder was used for calibration of the instrument. The XRD measurements were performed in a Bruker D2 Phaser with Cu anode. The Si content of ferrite was examined using Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) in a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Hitachi S3700N. The microstructure was characterized using Light Optical Microscopy (LOM) LEICA DMRM after etching with 2% Nital. The samples were mounted in phenolic powder resin and mechanically polished to mirror finish. The cast DIs were cut to a size of 8×5×3 mm 3. All DIs were alloyed with approximately 0.2 wt% Mn, and the fraction of other elements was kept low. The nominal Si contents were 2.50, 3.36 and 4.56 wt% (denoted as 2.5Si, 3.4Si and 4.5Si respectively), and the carbon equivalent values (wt%C+wt%Si/4+wt%P/2) were between 4.25 and 4.35 wt%. The low cooling rate during casting was assumed to give a similar low carbon content of the ferrite in the three alloys. Three ductile iron ingots with different bulk Si content were cast. Since the carbon content is vital in ADI and the Si coefficient is necessary to evaluate the carbon content from XRD, the purpose of the present work is to evaluate the Si coefficient in DI with Si contents relevant for conventional and Si solution strengthened ADIs. 15) gives a coefficient of about –0.00364 Å/wt%Si up to 10 wt% Si. Nieswaag and Nijhof 14) used a coefficient of –0.00135 Å/wt%Si, while interpreting the work from Krishtal et al. Different Si coefficients are found in the literature and e.g. ![]() in an Fe–C–Si–Mn alloy:Ĭ α ( w t % ) = ( a α - 2.8664 + 0.0006 × w t % S i - 0.0006 × w t % M n ) / 0.039Ĭlearly, the determination of carbon content from XRD relies on the accuracy of the lattice parameter measurements and the accuracy of the coefficients. The method is based on the relationship between the ferrite lattice parameter (a α) and the alloying content, e.g. XRD is widely used to evaluate the amount of solute elements in individual phases in steels. 4) studied an Fe–1C–1.5Si–1.9Mn–1.3Cr steel, treated at 200☌ for 48 h, and found the carbon content of bainitic ferrite to be 3.01☐.30 at% (about 0.62☐.06 wt%) by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and 1.36☐.07 at% (about 0.28☐.02 wt%) by APT. 3) found that the carbon content in the bainitic ferrite of a steel alloy 0.75C–1.63Si–1.95Mn–1.48Cr, isothermally treated at 200☌ for 12 days, was 1.1☐.7 at% (about 0.23☐.15 wt%) using atom probe tomography (APT). For instance, Chang 9) calculated the amount of retained austenite in ADI using the lever rule and found better agreement with experiments if the carbon content of ferrite was assumed high (0.37 wt% C) instead of the conventional low solubility of carbon in ferrite.Ĭarbon supersaturation of ferrite has also been reported experimentally. Third, the proportion of the ferrite and austenite phases, which is vital for properties, can be estimated using the lever rule and thus accurate carbon contents in the respective phase must be established. Higher carbon content lowers the martensite start temperature and thus stabilizes the austenite. 7, 8) Second, the carbon partitioning between ferrite and austenite affects the stability of the austenite. The diffusionless-displacive theory assumes the growth of bainite to be essentially martensitic, 4, 6) whereas the diffusional theory assumes that the bainitic transformation is controlled by carbon diffusion. First, there is a long-standing debate regarding the phase transformation mechanism of bainite and today there are two opposing theories. The distribution of carbon between acicular ferrite and retained austenite is a key issue for several reasons. conventional ADI contain about 2.5 wt% Si. The alloys consist of rather high Si contents to suppress the carbide formation and e.g. 3, 4, 5) These structures are frequently denoted carbide-free bainite in steels and ausferrite in ADI. The excellent mechanical properties of austempered ductile iron (ADI) and nanocrystalline bainitic steels are due to a fine dual-phase structure of acicular ferrite and retained austenite. It has recently been shown that increasing the Si content in ferritic ductile irons (DI) to about 3–4 wt% is a cost-efficient and effective way to further improve the mechanical properties by Si solution strengthening. ![]() |